Observership accorded China the ability to attend all council meetings and participate in workshops. It obtained permanent observer status in 2013 after five years of courting member states and two failed attempts. While Chinese borders do not extend to the Arctic, China is one of 13 “observers” to the Arctic Council and has become increasingly active in the region.The white paper emphasizes “peaceful utilization” of the Arctic and supports settlement of territorial and maritime rights disputes under established multinational treaties such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).In 2017, the research vessel Xue Long became the first Chinese ship to navigate the three major Arctic shipping routes: The Northwest Passage, Northeast Passage, and Transpolar Sea Route. Chinese companies are encouraged to invest in building infrastructure along the routes and conduct commercial trial voyages to gauge feasibility.The document plotted the course for future Chinese development goals in the region-including scientific, commercial, environmental preservation, and resource extraction efforts-and aligned Chinese Arctic interests with the Belt and Road Initiative.On January 28, 2018, China’s State Council Information Office released a white paper detailing the country’s official Arctic policy for the first time.Responding to Egregious Human Rights Abuses.Building Sustainable and Inclusive Democracy.Family Planning, Maternal and Child Health, and Immunizations.Energy, Climate Change, and Environmental Impacts.Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation.Defense Industry, Acquisition, and Innovation.Intelligence, Surveillance, and Privacy.
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